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TOEFL2_R_MOCK TEST

TOEFL2_R_MOCK TEST

access_timeژانویه 3, 2021
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0 از 14 سوال تکمیل شد

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  1. وضعیت فعلی
  2. بررسی
  3. پاسخ داده شده
  4. درست
  5. نادرست
  1. سوال 1 از 14
    1. سوال

    Reading Section

    Instructions
    The reading section is designed to test how will you interpret and understand academic
    texts. You will read two passages and answer 14 questions on each passage.
    In an official TOEFL exam, you’ll be given 20 minutes to complete each passage and
    set of questions associated with that passage. Therefore, try to complete both passages
    and questions within 40 minutes.
    Each question is worth 1 point, except the final question in each set of questions. The
    directions in the final question will note the point worth of the question.
    In the official TOEFL reading section, you are able to skip questions and come back
    to them later, so keep track of your timing per question. Except the final question, try to
    answer each question in less than one minute, otherwise, skip the question and come
    back to finish it later.

    Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
    [1] Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is known as one of the most important and
    controversial scientific theories ever published. Darwin was an English scientist in the
    19th century best known for his book “On the Origin of Species.” In his book,
    Darwin postulated different species shared characteristics of common ancestors, that
    they branched off from common ancestors as they evolved, and that new traits and
    characteristics were a result of natural selection. The theory is based on the
    assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and evolved in an
    indirect manner. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution, while controversial, has shaped
    and influenced the modern scientific world’s thinking on the development of life itself.
    Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in England. Although initially entering into
    medicine, Darwin chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on a
    five-year journey aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal
    Navy. Because of his experience aboard the Beagle, he laid the foundation for his
    Theory of Evolution while also establishing himself within the scientific community.
    Specifically, Darwin’s keen observation of the fossils and wildlife he saw during his time
    on the Beagle served as the basis for the cornerstone of his theory: natural selection.
    [2] Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. One of
    the core tenets of Darwin’s theory is that more offspring are always produced for a
    species than can possibly survive. Yet, no two offspring are perfectly alike. As a result,
    through random mutation and genetic drift, over time offspring develop new traits and
    characteristics. Over time beneficial traits and characteristics that promote survival will
    be kept in the gene pool while those that harm survival will be selected against.
    Therefore, this natural selection ensures that a species gradually improves itself over an
    extended duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues to ‘improve’ itself,
    it branches out to create entirely new species that are no longer capable of reproducing
    together.
    [3] Through natural selection, organisms could branch off of each other and evolve
    to the point where they no longer belong to the same species. Consequently, simple

    organisms evolve into more complex and different organisms as species break away
    from one another. Natural selection parallels selective breeding employed by humans
    on domesticated animals for centuries. Namely, horse breeders will ensure that horses
    with particular characteristics, such as speed and endurance, are allowed to produce
    offspring while horses that do not share those above-average traits will not. Therefore,
    over several generations, the new offspring will already be pre-disposed towards being
    excellent racing horses.
    [4] Darwin’s theory is that ‘selective breeding’ occurs in nature as ‘natural selection’
    is the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for
    understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and
    elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin’s theory revolves around
    “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system
    where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one,
    the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves,
    science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels.
    These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin’s supposition of
    how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its
    inimitable contrivance for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting
    different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration,
    could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the
    highest degree”.
    [5] In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the
    most consequential books ever published. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution remains, to
    this day, a lightning rod for controversy. The theory can be observed repeatedly, but
    never proven, and there are a plethora of instances that cast doubt on the processes of
    natural selection and evolution. Darwin’s conclusions were a result of keen observation
    and training as a naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his theory,
    Darwin remains one of the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his
    Theory of Evolution.

     

    1. According to paragraph 1, where did Charles Darwin begin to observe and formulate
    the basis for his Theory of Evolution?

    درست

    نادرست

  2. سوال 2 از 14
    2. سوال

    [1] Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is known as one of the most important and
    controversial scientific theories ever published. Darwin was an English scientist in the
    19th century best known for his book “On the Origin of Species.” In his book,
    Darwin postulated different species shared characteristics of common ancestors, that
    they branched off from common ancestors as they evolved, and that new traits and
    characteristics were a result of natural selection. The theory is based on the
    assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and evolved in an
    indirect manner. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution, while controversial, has shaped
    and influenced the modern scientific world’s thinking on the development of life itself.
    Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in England. Although initially entering into
    medicine, Darwin chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on a
    five-year journey aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal
    Navy. Because of his experience aboard the Beagle, he laid the foundation for his
    Theory of Evolution while also establishing himself within the scientific community.
    Specifically, Darwin’s keen observation of the fossils and wildlife he saw during his time
    on the Beagle served as the basis for the cornerstone of his theory: natural selection

     

    2. The word ‘postulated’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:

    درست

    نادرست

  3. سوال 3 از 14
    3. سوال

    3. Which sentence is most similar to the following sentence from paragraph 1?
    The theory is based on the assumptions that life developed from non-life and
    progressed and evolved in an indirect manner.

     

    درست

    نادرست

  4. سوال 4 از 14
    4. سوال

    [2] Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. One of the
    core tenets of Darwin’s theory is that more offspring are always produced for a species
    than can possibly survive. Yet, no two offspring are perfectly alike. As a result, through
    random mutation and genetic drift, over time offspring develop new traits and
    characteristics. Over time beneficial traits and characteristics that promote survival will
    be kept in the gene pool while those that harm survival will be selected against.
    Therefore, this natural selection ensures that a species gradually improves itself over an
    extended duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues to ‘improve’ itself,
    it branches out to create entirely new species that are no longer capable of reproducing
    together.

    4. According to paragraph 2, what are the causes for species developing new traits and
    characteristics?

    درست

    نادرست

  5. سوال 5 از 14
    5. سوال

    5. The word ‘those’ in paragraph 2 refers to:

     

    درست

    نادرست

  6. سوال 6 از 14
    6. سوال

    [3] Through natural selection, organisms could branch off of each other and evolve to
    the point where they no longer belong to the same species. Consequently, simple
    organisms evolve into more complex and different organisms as species break away
    from one another. Natural selection parallels selective breeding employed by humans
    on domesticated animals for centuries. Namely, horse breeders will ensure that horses
    with particular characteristics, such as speed and endurance, are allowed to produce
    offspring while horses that do not share those above-average traits will not. Therefore,
    over several generations, the new offspring will already be pre-disposed towards being
    excellent racing horses.

    6. According to paragraph 3, what is natural selection most comparable to as a
    process?

    درست

    نادرست

  7. سوال 7 از 14
    7. سوال

    7. What is the purpose of paragraph 3 in the passage?

    درست

    نادرست

  8. سوال 8 از 14
    8. سوال

    8. The word ‘contrivance’ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

     

    درست

    نادرست

  9. سوال 9 از 14
    9. سوال

    [5] In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the
    most consequential books ever published. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution remains, to this
    day, a lightning rod for controversy. The theory can be observed repeatedly, but never
    proven, and there are a plethora of instances that cast doubt on the processes of
    natural selection and evolution. Darwin’s conclusions were a result of keen observation
    and training as a naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his theory,
    Darwin remains one of the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his
    Theory of Evolution.

    9. The word ‘consequential’ in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to:

    درست

    نادرست

  10. سوال 10 از 14
    10. سوال

    [4] Darwin’s theory is that ‘selective breeding’ occurs in nature as ‘natural selection’ is
    the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for
    understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and
    elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin’s theory revolves around
    “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system
    where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one,
    the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves,
    science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels.
    These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin’s supposition of
    how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its
    inimitable contrivance for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting
    different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration,
    could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the
    highest degree”.
    10. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state that natural
    selection is difficult to prove EXCEPT

     

    درست

    نادرست

  11. سوال 11 از 14
    11. سوال

    11. Examine the four █ in the selection below and indicate at which block the following
    sentence could be inserted into the passage:
    The five-year voyage proved to be a major turning point in his life.
    █ [A] Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in England. █ [B] Although initially entering
    into medicine, Darwin chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on

    a five-year journey aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal
    Navy █ [C] Because of his experience aboard the Beagle, he laid the foundation for his
    Theory of Evolution while also establishing himself within the scientific community. █ [D]

    درست

    نادرست

  12. سوال 12 از 14
    12. سوال

    12. In paragraph 4, what was the author’s purpose of including a quote that the belief
    that the complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural selection
    seems highly unlikely?

    درست

    نادرست

  13. سوال 13 از 14
    13. سوال

    [5] In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the
    most consequential books ever published. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution remains, to this
    day, a lightning rod for controversy. The theory can be observed repeatedly, but never
    proven, and there are a plethora of instances that cast doubt on the processes of
    natural selection and evolution. Darwin’s conclusions were a result of keen observation
    and training as a naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his theory,

    Darwin remains one of the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his
    Theory of Evolution.
    13. The word ‘plethora’ in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to:

    درست

    نادرست

  14. سوال 14 از 14
    14. سوال

    14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is
    provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that
    express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
    summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
    minor ideas in the passage.
    This question is worth 2 points.
    Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution was a revolutionary idea that described
    how natural selection influences the evolution of species.

    درست

    نادرست

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